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In the vicinity of the castle there is a church which is considered to be one of the most valuable historical sites of the Polish Gothic architecture. Some researchers believe that the church plan based on a Greek Cross with a palm vault supported by a central octagonal stone pillar is ideologically related to a rotunda of the Holy Grave in Jerusalem. They associate the fact of constructing the building with Andrzej Łaskarz's alleged pilgrimage to the Holy Land between 1409-1411. They also draw attention to the sepulchral character of the building with the central pillar. The founders of the church, which was built in the place of the old one, were Andrzej Łaskarz and his brother Jan from Licheń. It is assumed that the construction of the church was completed by the bishop's nephew, the Governor of the Brześć Province, Jan from Licheń.
In the temple there is an incredibly interesting set of 26 coats of arms placed on stone corbels supporting a rib vaulting. On the column supporting the vault one can notice the Godzięba coat of arms used by the founder (the coat of arms is also situated on four other spots: outside the church, in the sanctuary, in the northern annex, and on the baptismal font). Among the coats of arms placed in the most important part of the temple - the sanctuary - there are the following: Eagle - the emblem of the Kingdom, the Jagielloński Cross (of uneven arms), the coat of arms of the Counts of Cilii belonging to Queen Ann of Cilli, the second wife of Władysław Jagiełło, as well as the coats of arms of Pomian, Jastrzębiec, and Godzięba.

At the twilight of the 17th century the building was in a very poor condition. It was renovated in the Baroque style around the year 1755. The shape of the windows was changed, they were also made larger. The Gothic fronts were torn down. The major alteration to the temple was erecting a sacristy. In 1771 the church was partly destroyed by fire.
The inspection in the Gosławice parish in 1799 leaves behind an interesting record. We can learn that the church architecture of that time did not differ significantly from the preserved one. The description mentions the church's plan based on a cross, the vault supported by the central stone pillar. The walls of the church were not plastered. The roof was covered with plain tiles. The church had a two-bell tower with a clock, erected after the owner of Gosławice, Melchior Łącki, made a bequest to the church authorities. Probably the investment mentioned was a consequence of damages inflicted by a fierce gale in 1756, which tore off the roofs of the church and castle.

According to the description, the interior had elements of the Baroque style, e.g. a pulpit richly embroidered with plaster moldings and a few altars. The church housed interesting sacred objects, such as an amber cross in the high altar, another cross made of crystal in the Czech Republic, or liturgical objects. The high alter was also embroidered with a sculpture of the Virgin Mary.
In the 19th century the church was partly destroyed by two fires - in 1801 and 1819. In both cases restoration work was carried out by Melchior Łącki mentioned above. In the years 1898-1900 the maintenance of the temple was handed over to the new owners of the village of Gosławice, the Kwilecki Family. The building was then partially renovated; the interior gained the later Gothic style, some alteration were carried out to the porch and sacristy, a new transept spire (a small bell tower) was constructed, the vaults in the sanctuary, chapels and porch were restored. The three late gothic altars bear paintings by Józef Buchbinder painted between 1902-1904. However, the alterations did not obliterate the temple's original projection. One of the most interesting artifacts that can be seen in the church is a stone font composed of three elements including a keystone. The central octagonal element bears coats of arms: the White Eagle (the national emblem of Poland), the Jagielloński Cross, the Axe, the coats of arms of the Wielkopolska Province, Jastrzębiec, Śreniawy, Godzięba, and Korzbok.
Probably the coat of arms of Śreniawy used by the Kwilecki Family was placed while the granary was being constructed or while the church was being renovated at the turn of the 20th century. It may be assumed that the coat of arms of Korzbok belonging to the previous owners of Gosławice, the Łącki Family, was placed on the font in similar circumstances.
Almost a century after these renovations, cracks in the walls and a poor condition of the rafter framing, the ceramic roof covering, and the Neo-Gothic transept spire became incentives to carry out another renovation works. Between 1997-1999 the cracked walls were strengthened with a reinforced-concrete rim, the rafter framing was partly repaired, the roof was covered with new tiles. A new steel transept spire was erected and covered with copper sheet metal according to the plan by an engineer of architecture, Wiesław Olszowicz, MSc. The renovation and preservation works were completed with painting the interior of the temple and installing stained glass windows.